The grid benefits of vehicle-to-grid in Norway and Denmark: An analysis of home- and public parking potentials

Niels Oliver Nagel, Eirik Ogner Jåstad, Thomas Martinsen
Energy 293 (2024), 130729
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130729

Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the potential benefits of bi-directional charging of electric vehicles (V2G) and its implications for the energy sector using the Balmorel energy system model. We compare results from V2G scenarios to those of smart charging scenarios, specifically focusing on the target year 2040. The study explores specific cases: large-scale adoption of V2G for home charging and small-scale adoption at public airport parking lots. Two market regions, Norway and Denmark, are in focus and shed light on how different energy mixes affect the results. Findings show that large-scale V2G adoption has the potential to significantly affect prices in the analyzed price regions. V2G helps decrease price volatility, reduce peak and valley electricity prices, reduce renewable curtailment, and reduce the cost of operation in the energy system. The spread between charging and discharging prices is highest in the case of small-scale adoption and in regions with less inherent power system flexibility. Large-scale adoption leads to diminishing V2G returns. Also, more inherent power system flexibility competes with V2G. In the flexible Norwegian price regions, V2G may increase average electricity prices, leading to a tradeoff between societal and consumer welfare.

Heidi S. Nygård, Ingrid Maria Mørch, Olvar Bergland27th International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2023), pp 3889-3893

Abstract
Reducing energy related costs by better timing demand for power is a rapidly growing concept due to increased and more fluctuating energy prices. One way to achieve this is through smart charging of electric vehicles (EVs). In the present work, a python-based program has been developed based on scheduling theory and tailored to the specific objectives of charging at a long-term parking facility. Basic building blocks of the theory were assessed to explore the possibility of combining them into a useful model of the problem. The simulation yields example schedules where charging is restricted to night-time and no more EVs than necessary are charged simultaneously, without compromising the constraint of fully charged vehicles at predefined due dates.

Thomas Martinsen, Georg Devik, Heidi S. Nygård27th International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2023), pp 3324-3327

Abstract
Electrification of transport introduces challenges but also opportunities. The challenges are increased power demand and possibly grid investment causing additional power demand cost for charging. However, electric vehicles are idle for long time periods, particularly at airport parking. This provides opportunities for scheduled charging in order to minimize power charges. We have developed an algorithm giving priority to charging the electric vehicle(s) closest to departure while minimizing monthly average power demand. We are applying the algorithm to data from a parking facility in the Oslo airport vicinity. We explore the potential for reaching the minimum average monthly power demand through scheduling and discuss briefly the cost and benefits of introducing V2G. The results indicate that all EVs may be charged with only a small increase in the monthly average power demand and V2G would not provide further benefits for the parking facility owner with the current power tariff in Norway.